Difference between quantitative and qualitative research

Difference between quantitative and qualitative research Basics Print What Is The Difference Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research? By Anabelle Bernard Fournier facebook Anabelle Bernard Fournier is a freelance writer who specializes in home decor and interior design. Shes been writing about interiors since 2012. Learn about our editorial policy Anabelle Bernard Fournier Updated on January 31, 2020 Photo by Mika Baumeister on Unsplash. More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In the social sciences, an unresolved question remains whether or not we can measure things like love or racism the same way we can measure temperature or the weight of a star. Social phenomena--things that happen because of and through human behavior--are especially difficult to grasp with typical scientific models. This is why psychology is often derided as an almost-science: aside from brain scanning methods, can we really measure psychological things when we have no direct access to them? Psychologists rely on a few things to measure behavior, attitudes, and feelings: self-reports (like surveys or questionnaires), observation (often used in experiments or field work) and implicit attitude tests (the sort of test that measures your timing in responding to prompts). Most of these are quantitative methods: the result is a number that can be compared to other numbers to make assessments about differences between groups. But heres the problem: most of these methods are static (such as survey instruments), inflexible (you cant change a question because a participant doesnt understand it), and provide a what rather than a why. But sometimes, researchers are more interested in the why and the how. Thats where qualitative methods come in. Qualitative methods are about speaking to people directly and hearing their words. They are grounded in the philosophy that the social world is ultimately unmeasurable, that no measure is truly ever objective, and that how humans make meaning is just as important as how much they score on a standardized test. Lets take a deeper look at each approach. Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative methods have existed ever since people have been able to count things. But it is only with the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte that it became a scientific method. The scientific method follows this general process: Generation of theories or hypotheses (i.e. predicting what might happen)Development of instruments to measure the phenomenon (a survey, a thermometer, etc.)Development of experiments to manipulate the variablesCollection of empirical (measured) dataAnalysis of data (did what you predicted happen?) Quantitative methods are about measuring phenomenon, not explaining them. Most social and human quantitative research compares two groups of people on interesting variables: do men and women react to criticism differently? Is there a difference in happiness between people who looked at nature and people who looked at buildings? There are all sorts of variables you could measure, and many kinds of experiments to run using quantitative methods. These comparisons are generally explained using graphs, pie charts, and other visual representations that give the analyst a sense of how the various data points relate to one another. Quantitative methods assume a few things: That the world is measurableThat humans can observe objectivelyThat we can know things for certain about the world from observation In some fields, these assumptions hold true. Whether you measure the size of the sun 2000 years ago or now, it will always be the same. But when it comes to human behavior, it is not so simple. As decades of cultural and social research has shown, humans behave differently (and even think differently) based on historical context, cultural context, social context, and even identity-based contexts like gender, social class or sexual orientation. Therefore, quantitative methods applied to human behavior (as used in psychology and some areas of sociology) should always be rooted in their particular context. In other words: there are no, or very few, human universals. Use of Statistics Statistical information is the primary form of quantitative data used in human and social quantitative research. Statistics provide lots of information about tendencies over large groups of people, but can never describe every case or every experience. In other words, there are always outliers. Correlation Is Not Causation A basic principle of statistics is that correlation is not causation. Researchers can only claim a cause-and-effect relationship under certain conditions: The study was a true experimentThe independent variable can be manipulated (for example gender cannot be manipulated by experimenters, but seeing a primer such as a picture of nature or a building picture can)The dependent variable is a ratio or a scale So when you read reports about gender was linked to whatever, you need to remember that gender is NOT a cause of the whatever in question here. There is just an apparent relationship, but the true cause of the difference is hidden. Whats Missing? Quantitative methods are one way to approach the measurement and understanding of human and social phenomenon. But whats missing from this picture? As noted above, statistics do not tell us about personal, individual experiences and meanings. While surveys can give us a general idea, having to choose only between a few responses can make it difficult to understand the subtleties of different experiences. Thats where qualitative methods come in. How Surveys Are Used in Psychology to Collect Data Qualitative Research Methods Qualitative data is not made out of numbers but rather of descriptions, metaphors, symbols, quotes, analysis, concepts and characteristics. It uses interviews, written texts, art, photos, and other thick materials to make sense of human experiences and to understand what these experiences mean to people. In other words, while quantitative methods ask what and how much, qualitative methods ask why and how. Qualitative methods are about describing and analyzing phenomena from a human perspective. There are many different philosophical views on qualitative methods, but in general, they agree on one thing: that some things are too complex or impossible to measure with standardized instruments. They also accept that it is impossible to be completely objective in observing phenomena: people come with their own thoughts, attitudes, experiences, and beliefs about things, and they always color how we interpret the things that happen around us. Approaches There are many different approaches to qualitative research, with their own philosophical bases. It would take too long and be too complicated to describe them all here. Different approaches are best for different kinds of projects: case studies and narrative studies are best for single individuals; phenomenology aims to explain experiences; grounded theory develops models and describes processes; ethnography describes cultural groups; etc. In short, there is not a single model or method that can be used for every qualitative project. Depending on the research question, the people participating, and the kind of information they want to produce, researchers will choose the appropriate approach. This means that qualitative researchers must be aware of several different methods and know each thoroughly enough to produce valuable research. Some researchers specialize in a single method, but other researchers tend to specialize in a topic or content area and use many different methods to explore the topic, providing different information and a variety of points of view. Up to Interpretation Qualitative research does not look into causal relationships between variables, but rather into themes, values, interpretations, and meanings. As a rule, then, qualitative research is not generalizable (cannot be applied to people outside the research participants). However, the insights gained from qualitative research can extend to other groups with proper attention to specific historical and social contexts. The Relationship Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research The way its described here, it sounds like quantitative and qualitative research do not play well together. They have different philosophies, different data, and different outputs. However, this could not be further from the truth. These two general methods complement each other. For example, a psychologist wanting to develop a new survey instrument about sexuality, for example, might gather a few dozen people and ask them questions about their sexual experiences. This gives the researcher some information to begin developing questions for their survey. Following research done with the survey, the same or other researchers might want to dig deeper into some issues brought up by the quantitative data. Questions like how does it feel when? or what does this mean to you? or how did you experience this? can only be answered by qualitative research. By using both quantitative and qualitative data, researchers have a more holistic, well-rounded understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. How Do Social Psychologists Conduct Their Research?

Donald Glover s The, My Love ! - 1620 Words

Donald Glover aka Childish Gambino is back at it again releasing new and unique music in his new album ‘Awaken, My Love!’. Fresh off his new hit show ‘Atlanta’ Donald Glover once again shows that he can not only produce, direct and write for television shows that not only the critics love but that connect with America’s youth but he can also make incredible music. Donald glover is a seriously talented guy and it is impossible to pigeonhole him as actor, comedian or musician because he is just so good at all three. Donald McKinley Glover who is currently 33 was born September 25, 1983 on Edwards Air Force Base in California. He currently resides in Lancaster, California. At the age of 23 with the help of Tina Fey, Donald was hired as a writer for the NBC comedy series 30 Rock. Later, Donald acted in the NBC sitcom ‘Community’ where he played a college student called Troy Barnes. He currently acting in the FX series ‘Atlanta’ which he created as well. He has been cast as Lando Calrissian in the upcoming Star Wars movie too. Donald Glover has quite a Musical past. After many self-released albums including ‘Sick Boi’ and ‘Poindexter’, Donald signed to Glassnote Records in 2011. He soon released his first album, ‘Camp’, on November 15, 2011. The album did very well debuting at number eleven on the Billboard 200 and went on to tell 242,000 copies. His second album, ‘Because the Internet’, was released on December 10, 2013 and did even better than his first album. ‘Because theShow MoreRelatedIs The World Getting Better Or Worse? Essay2215 Words   |  9 Pagesbetter; humanity is inherently good.†? I broached this topic with my seventeen year old son and he reminded me of a comedian we love named Donald Glover and his stand-up show called, â€Å"Weirdo†. In it there’s a skit called, â€Å" The Worst Time to be Alive† where he recalls a conversation he had with his dad.   Ã¢â‚¬Å" Things are so bad man, worst time to be alive, worst time to be alive son. I’m sorry son, things are so bad!† said his dad. Donald Glover responds with: That’s BULLSHIT, that’s crap, this is the BESTRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesGeorge S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Volume II Since 1865, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, Fredrik A Small Scale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition _Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz

The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Essay - 1166 Words

The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Did you know that 3,000 American non-smokers will die this year from lung cancer? Those deaths are entirely preventable. Their lung cancer is caused by second hand smoke. Second hand smoke is smoke they have breathed in from other peoples cigarettes. It is also known as involuntary or passive smoking. There is nothing passive however about the effects of this smoke. It is lethal and it is dangerous. It may give as many as 300,000 children under the age of one and half bronchitis and pneumonia. It could even be responsible for more than 35,000 deaths from heart disease. Smoking causes lung cancer. This fact is indisputable. What is sometimes disputed is the extent to which the smoke from other†¦show more content†¦As a carcinogen, tobacco smoke ranks alongside other cancer causing agents such as asbestos, arsenic, benzene and radon gas. Tobacco smoke is full of carbon monoxide. This is a poisonous gas that inhibits the transportation of oxygen to the bodys vital organs. Coming out of the tip of someone elses cigarette are double the concentrations of nicotine. There are three times the amount of the carcinogen benzo (a) pyrene, five times the amount of carbon monoxide and fifty times the amount of ammonia. On top of this the person quietly puffing away next to you is allowing arsenic, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and hydrogen cyanide into the air that you are breathing. In despite of this knowledge 43% of children in the US are exposed to second hand smoke in their own homes. Despite the attempts of many places to ban smoking there are still millions of people, who are at risk from the effects of second hand smoke. Many of these will die prematurely. It is perhaps though in children that we see the most alarming effects of the exposure to second hand smoke. Childrens lungs are still developing at their young age. 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Summary of the Lesson Free Essays

Toni Cade Bambara: Lesson for Change Toni Cade Bambara was a renowned author, educator and civil rights activist. She created short stories that drew attention and awareness to the social, political and economic issues of her time. â€Å"Bambara always insisted that social commitment is inseparable from the production of art. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Lesson or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Andrews, Foster and Harris 22) â€Å"The Lesson†, published in 1972, is a short story from the collection, â€Å"Gorilla, My Love†. This story’s purpose was to bring the social inequalities that were prevalent within the urban community to the forefront of the minds of the readers. The intention was not only to bring the issues to light, but to empower people to make the necessary changes in their lives and to â€Å"wake up and demand their share of the pie† (542). â€Å"The Lesson† introduces us to an undereducated group of children from a poor urban community and the woman who takes them through this journey of discovery, Miss Moore. The story is told through a first-person narrative by a young African American girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a tough, proud, stubborn child that keeps her true thoughts and emotions hidden away. She begins the story by introducing us to Miss Moore, with whom she is not particularly fond of. Her opinion of Miss Moore seems to be largely affected by the influences of the adults in her life. This begins to show us how a lack of parental responsibility can affect the minds and perceptions of our children. I agree with this because my children emulate everything I do. As a single mother, all of their attention is on me and for the first few crucial years of development, I am their only teacher. They will learn from these experiences and examples that we set . The parents in â€Å"The Lesson† do not seem to be very responsible; the children are often pawned off on their aunt and they speak negatively of Miss Moore when she is not around. Miss Moore is an educated black woman who seeks to educate the children about the ways of the world. â€Å"She’d been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones’ education† (537). She is the perfect example of a good role model. It is a summer day, Sylvia isn’t happy when Miss Moore gathers them up for yet another lesson. On this particular day Miss Moore is asking the children questions concerning money. She explains to them about expenses and â€Å"how the money ain’t divided up right in this country† (538). They take a trip to Fifth Avenue to visit a F. A. O. Schwartz, a high end toy store. When they arrive she has them look through the window to view the displays. One of the children, Ronald, shows interest in a microscope that costs $300. They discuss how long it would likely take to afford it and one of them suggests that he would outgrow it first. Miss Moore tells them â€Å"you never outgrow learning instruments† (539). Education is her next valid point, to be successful and change your way of life you need to be educated. You are never too old to get an education and improve your chances in a better life, and I am living proof of this. I have been out of school for twelve years and I want a better life for my family. I am back in school being a better role model and getting the skills needed to improve our quality of life They continue looking through the window of the store. Then, they see a sailboat priced at $1195. They are all shocked, and now Miss Moore tells them it’s time to go inside. Miss Moore lets them take the lead. Sylvia is reluctant to go through the door, and she doesn’t understand it â€Å"I feel funny, shame. But what do I have to be shamed about? † (541). As they make their way to the sailboat, everyone tip toeing around, afraid to touch anything- Sylvia compares it to a Catholic church. When they get there, Sylvia just stares at the price tag. Then, Sugar runs her fingers across the boat, making Sylvia jealous and angry. She hides the way she feels and lets Miss Moore know that she wants to leave. The experience has opened her eyes to this other end of the spectrum of society. I believe this is to show how the other side lives to drive the readers to pursue more for themselves. While I understand the need for Bambara to use the extreme examples in the story, at the same time the costs are too extreme even for now. It is unrealistic; the majority of Americans could never afford to throw away that much money on a toy. As a child I was not as unfortunate as the children in this story, we started out in a trailer park and built up a better life for ourselves. Even now, I never would have had a toy that costs as much as a car. On the way home Sylvia starts calculating and contemplating all the things that could be done with that amount of money- rent, bills, groceries, vacations. She wants to know who these people are and â€Å"what kind of work they do how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? † (542). She is angry with Miss Moore for making her aware of her quality of life. When Miss Moore asks them about the day, Sugar responds clearly in a way that shows she understood the lesson. â€Å"This is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? † (543). Though Sylvia is stubborn and won’t reveal her thoughts you know she understands too. She knows that there is more out there for her and can strive to make her life better. She walks away thinking about the day and becomes empowered saying, â€Å"ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. † Though Toni Cade Bambara wrote this story about the African American communities in the 1960’s and the social inequalities that they faced- this story’s lessons are still extremely valid. I fell that though she used extreme circumstances, they were necessary to paint the picture. Without the imagry the point wouldn’t have had the same impact. It is up to you to make the necessary changes in your life to succeed. Lead by example and don’t settle for less because your future is in your hands. Works Cited Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris. Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. n. d. Bambara, Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson. † The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson, 2011. Print. How to cite Summary of the Lesson, Essay examples

Nafta Essays (3896 words) - North American Free Trade Agreement

Nafta NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA's proponents promised benefits for the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Benefits such as new U.S. jobs, higher wages in Mexico, a growing U.S. trade surplus with Mexico, environmental clean-up and improved health along the border?all have failed to take form. It is commonly believed that free trade between nations is a mutually beneficial arrangement for all parties involved; indeed, this is held to be an absolute truth. Though free trade is undoubtedly the most effective form of commerce between countries from a purely economic standpoint, increasingly we find that our so-called free trade agreements are horribly unbalanced. Indicative of these fiascoes is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA is a lopsided and detrimental deal, hastily hammered out by an inexperienced group of American negotiators under constant pressure from the Bush Administration. I will outline several primary concerns about NAFTA, looking at the effects and circumstances surrounding the development of this deal. In June 1990, president Salinas of Mexico met with president George Bush to discuss a proposal to expand Mexico's maquiladoras program (named for the Maquiladoras Act of 1972: a law designed to exempt international companies from certain environmental and labor laws) by establishing a free trade agreement between Mexico and America, and possibly Canada; anxious to find something to make him look favorable in the upcoming election, Bush jumped at the idea, and immediately began lobbying Congress for fast-track authority to bypass Congressional involvement in the subsequent trade negotiations. That hurdle overcome, President Bush hastily assembled a group of ad-hoc trade negotiators and threw them pell-mell at the professional Canadian negotiators and the high-priced Washington insiders and ex-government employees that had been hired by Mexico. On August 12, 1992, President Bush announced completion of the treaty and hailed it a major U.S. victory; by November, it had been signed into law. What emerged from these back-room dealings was a monumentally flawed agreement. On the issue of job creation, the central focus of pro-NAFTA campaigning, it is fair to measure NAFTA's real-life results against its supporters' expansive promises of hundreds of thousands of new, high paying U.S. jobs. However, even measured against more lenient do no harm standard, NAFTA has been a failure. Consider this recent opinion poll of Americans on NAFTA's performance: 66% of Americans believe that free trade agreements between the U.S. and other countries cost the U.S. jobs. 66% of Americans believe that NAFTA has helped large corporations. 73% of Americans believe that NAFTA has not helped small business in the U.S. 58% of Americans agree that foreign trade has been bad for the U.S. economy because cheap imports have cost wages and jobs here. 81% of Americans say that Congress should not accept trade agreements that give other countries the power to overturn U.S. laws on consumer safety, labor or the environment. Clearly NAFTA has led to widespread job loss, with more than 200,000 U.S. workers certified as NAFTA casualties under just one narrow government program. Since the 1970's, there has been a steady trickle of manufacturing jobs heading south of the border; American companies found that moving their factories to Mexico, where the minimum wage is 58? per hour and environmental laws are rarely enforced, lowered their production costs even though the U.S. maintained tariffs on the import of those items. Mexico began to actively seek out U.S. manufacturers in 1972 after the passage of the Maquiladoras Act. Notwithstanding the fact that job growth totally unrelated to NAFTA has produced a net gain in the U.S. employment picture during this period, it in no way changes the reality that NAFTA has cost many individual workers their jobs?most of whom are now unemployed or working at jobs that pay less than the ones they lost. Economic surveys of dislocated workers show that the jobs lost to NAFTA, often high-paying manufacturing jobs, are, in the majority of cases, replaced by lower-paid employment. Consider these alarming facts: NAFTA has transformed the U.S.'s $1.7 billion trade surplus with Mexico in 1993 into a projected $14.7 billion deficit for 1998. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, approximately 214,902 American workers have been certified under one narrow program as having been laid off due to NAFTA. U.S. counties on the U.S.-Mexico border have borne a disproportionate burden of

Free Essays on Roses From My Friends

Roses From My Friends I could have treated you better but you couldn't have treated me worse but it's he who laughs last is he who cries first Sometimes I feel I know strangers better than I know my friends why must a beginning be the means to an end The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends When the last word has been spoken and we've beared witness to the final setting sun all that shall remain is a token of what we've said and done When all we've had has been forsaken distant church bells no longer ring that's the sound of a heart taken and the story of tears from a king The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends This may be the last time I see you forgive me for holding you close this may be the last time that I see you so of this moment I will make the most This may be the last time I see you but if you keep me in your heart together we shall be eternal if you believe we shall never part The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends... Free Essays on Roses From My Friends Free Essays on Roses From My Friends Roses From My Friends I could have treated you better but you couldn't have treated me worse but it's he who laughs last is he who cries first Sometimes I feel I know strangers better than I know my friends why must a beginning be the means to an end The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends When the last word has been spoken and we've beared witness to the final setting sun all that shall remain is a token of what we've said and done When all we've had has been forsaken distant church bells no longer ring that's the sound of a heart taken and the story of tears from a king The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends This may be the last time I see you forgive me for holding you close this may be the last time that I see you so of this moment I will make the most This may be the last time I see you but if you keep me in your heart together we shall be eternal if you believe we shall never part The stones from my enemies these wounds will mend but I cannot survive the roses from my friends...

How to Parlay Your Consumer Magazine Experience into Trade Magazine Success

How to Parlay Your Consumer Magazine Experience into Trade Magazine Success I often find, at parties and at networking events, that even fellow journalists are rarely intrigued The truth, however, is that some of the best work I’ve done is for trade publications. Some of the coolest reporting stories I have to share have been made possible because these publications had the funds to send me to strange places to cover even stranger topics. The topics and the trade publications may not seem sexy, but the fatter paycheck, the friendly editors, and the challenge of discovering new and exciting fields certainly make them worth the effort of querying. If you haven’t had much luck with trade magazines so far, here are five quick ways you can parlay your consumer magazine or newspaper experience for the trades: 1. Take a consumer magazine or newspaper article you’ve written and identify the major trades in that story. For instance, I once wrote a piece for a national women’s magazine about women-only trains in India. I didn’t ever think it could be a trade story, so I was really surprised when an editor at â€Å"Trains† magazine paid me to reprint the story. If you look closely, you’ll find at least one major identifiable trade in every story that you write. Find a magazine that caters to that trade. Pitch it. 2. Most trade magazines are not dull, dry, and dreary, like the writing gurus would have you believe. Many of them feature articles that are written with just as much craft and care as those in consumer publications. I have won an award for a story I wrote for a trade that resonated with the judges because of its human aspect. Look through national and regional magazines and find ideas that could potentially work for trade magazines.   I often find new and breaking stories in the New York Times or the Wall Street Journal that other freelancers haven’t thought to pitch to trade magazine editors. 3. Tie your ideas to current events. When the Commonwealth Games came to Delhi in 2010, most freelancers I knew were (unsuccessfully) pitching to major newspapers and magazines. I, instead offered stories to a construction magazine and an engineering news magazine and earned several thousand dollars and a cover story. 4. When you travel, don’t forget to target these magazines. The trades have several US-based writers they can hire regularly but their networks are limited abroad. If you’re traveling out of the country, e-mail some of the trade magazine editors (even if you don’t know them) and offer to bring back something. The best-case scenario is that editors might just hand you assignments of their own even before you’ve left and the worst case is that you may come back with some fascinating ideas and an already established relationship with an editor. 5. Everything is a trade. Think about the truth of that statement for a minute. No matter what you’re writing about, you can find a trade magazine angle to it. And once you start noticing that potential, you’ll never run out of markets for your work.